After being worked on for a year, Chile's new draft constitution will be officially submitted to President Gabriel Boric on Monday before eventually being put to a referendum in the deeply polarized country.

The new text, which will replace the constitution written during the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990), aims to establish new social rights.

It was drawn up by a constituent assembly of 154 citizens, most of whom were independent of political affiliation, that will be dissolved a year to the day after it began work on July 4, 2021.

The document will then be put to a referendum on September 4, with voting obligatory for 15 million Chileans, who will decide whether to accept or reject the new constitution.

Rewriting the dictatorship-era constitution was a major demand of protesters who flooded onto the streets in 2019 and kept up weekly demonstrations for months before the coronavirus pandemic curtailed them.

In the first of the new constitution's 388 articles, Chile is described as "a social and democratic State of law," as well as "plurinational, intercultural and ecological."

Constitutional Convention member Elisa Loncon displays a copy of the draft of the new Chilean constitution during its official presentation on May 16, 2022
Constitutional Convention member Elisa Loncon displays a copy of the draft of the new Chilean constitution during its official presentation on May 16, 2022 AFP / Cristian RUDOLFFI

"It recognizes the dignity, freedom, substantial equality of human beings and their indissoluble relationship with nature as intrinsic and inalienable values."

"I think we have met the social demands, with the desires of the citizens, which is what people hoped for and wanted of this process," Barbara Sepulveda, a draft assembly member from the communist party, told AFP.

"It is a proposal that represents a historic advance in terms of democracy and the guarantee of social rights for our country, and on top of that, it is filled with feminism from head to tail," added Alondra Carrillo, from the leftist Broad Front.

Other right-wing constituent members were less enthusiastic.

For Cristian Monckeberg, this is a "missed" opportunity to "build something that unites rather than divides" the country.

But with just 37 out of 154 seats in the constituent assembly, the political right was in a minority.

The charter will replace a constitution that dates back to the dictatorship of Gen. Augusto Pinochet
The charter will replace a constitution that dates back to the dictatorship of Gen. Augusto Pinochet AFP / Cristian RUDOLFFI

The process "was not as simple and friendly as many of us would have wanted and dreamed of," writer and journalist Patricio Fernandez, one of the 104 independent members of the assembly, told AFP.

But with a two-thirds majority needed to approve each article, the only source of solution was dialogue and compromise, even where tensions arose.

And if the constitution is adopted, it will make Chile one of the most progressive countries in the region.

The nationwide right to abortion -- something that has been overturned in the United States -- would become enshrined in law.

"It's a constitution from another era. I'm totally convinced that if it is approved, when we look back at this process... it will be seen with a lot more tenderness and affection than we see it now," said Fernandez.

Split equally between men and women, the constituent assembly also contained 17 seats reserved for Indigenous people, who make up around 13 percent of Chile's 19 million population.

One of those members, Natividad Llanquileo, an activist for Chile's largest Indigenous group, the Mapuche, said the constitutional process represented "the most democratic space that we have known in the history of this country."

As well as recognizing the different peoples that make up the Chilean nation, the new constitution accords a certain amount of autonomy to Indigenous institutions, notably in matters of justice.

Several times in recent weeks, millennial leader Boric has reiterated his support for the constitutional project, adding that the current document represents an "obstacle" to profound social reform.

Even so, several opinion polls suggest the new constitution may yet be rejected. With the full text still to be published, many Chileans say they are unsure.

Over the next two months, those in favor of the change "have to work to convince that it will genuinely change people's lives, while Reject will attempt to attract more moderate sectors in their favor," Claudio Fuentes, a political scientist at the Diego Portales University, told AFP.