The sound of paws scurrying along the forest floor echoes through Croatia's northwestern woods, where the hunt for truffles is being threatened by climate change and deforestation -- stirring fears that the country's gastronomic goldmine may be at risk.

The delicate microclimate in the picturesque Istria peninsula's forests has long been famed for producing some of the finest white truffles, which this year fetched up to 2,500 euros ($2,860) per kilo.

The delicate microclimate in the forests of Croatia's Istria peninsula has long been famed for producing some of the finest white truffles
The delicate microclimate in the forests of Croatia's Istria peninsula has long been famed for producing some of the finest white truffles AFP / Damir SENCAR

But the increase in temperatures and lower precipitation levels linked to climate change along with a shrinking water table and habitat loss could throw off the natural incubator that produces the luxurious ingredient.

"It's more difficult to find a truffle than to sell it," laments Darko Muzica, who oversees the Istra association of truffle hunters, an advocacy group campaigning to protect the peninsula's white truffle.

Worried about the impact of climate change, diminishing water tables and deforestation, truffle enthusiasts say immediate action is needed to protect the white truffle and its habitat
Worried about the impact of climate change, diminishing water tables and deforestation, truffle enthusiasts say immediate action is needed to protect the white truffle and its habitat AFP / Damir SENCAR

Along with climate change and diminishing water tables, Muzica says poor forest management has also threatened future harvests, with officials giving preferential treatment to the timber industry.

A 2014 study on Istria's truffles issued a similar warning, saying: "throughout the world the productivity of natural truffle habitats is shrinking which is often linked with climate change but also the ways the land is used".

Istria remains one of the few areas outside of Italy's famed Alba region able to produce high-end white truffles
Istria remains one of the few areas outside of Italy's famed Alba region able to produce high-end white truffles AFP / Damir SENCAR

Truffle enthusiasts say immediate action is needed to protect the area's habitat.

"The whole region would benefit from it," says Ivan Vukadinovic, who is also a member of the truffle hunter association.

'It's more difficult to find a truffle than to sell it,' laments Darko Muzica, who oversees the Istra association of truffle hunters
'It's more difficult to find a truffle than to sell it,' laments Darko Muzica, who oversees the Istra association of truffle hunters AFP / Damir SENCAR
The sector nets millions of dollars annually -- spurring Istria to rebrand itself as 'truffle land'
The sector nets millions of dollars annually -- spurring Istria to rebrand itself as 'truffle land' AFP / Damir SENCAR

Fears over the truffle's future in Istria comes on the heels of a decades-long love affair with the culinary delight in Croatia.

Istria has long been a tourist hotspot in the Balkan nation, famed for its pristine coastline as well as island getaways but has often been overshadowed on the truffle front by neighbouring Italy across the Adriatic.

Hoping to protect Istria's lucrative truffle trade, the local association of truffle hunters is campaigning for 'protected designation of origin' certification within the European Union
Hoping to protect Istria's lucrative truffle trade, the local association of truffle hunters is campaigning for 'protected designation of origin' certification within the European Union AFP / Damir SENCAR

With money to be made, truffle hunters, accompanied by teams of specially trained dogs, comb through Istria's dense, lowland forests near Motovun hoping to strike white gold.

"Search! Search!" shouts forest scientist Zeljko Zgrablic as his two dogs paw at the ground near a suspected bulb.

After digging away a layer of topsoil, Zgrablic carefully extracts a white truffle weighing some 20 grams -- which could net up to 130 euros ($145).

It is a typical scene during Istria's white truffle season that runs from September to late December, attracting a wide swath of afficionados ranging from weekend warriors to locals hoping to pocket extra cash.

Istria remains one of the few areas outside of Italy's famed Alba region able to produce high-end white truffles thanks to its humid climate and alkaline soil that imbues the edible fungi with a strong aroma and optimal density.

"They are heavy, have a good shape... which makes them a top quality product," says Zgrablic as he carefully writes down details of the truffle.

The first written reference to truffles in Istria dates back to the late 1920s, when the peninsula was then part of Italy.

But the industry has gone into overdrive in the past two decades, with the sector netting millions of dollars annually -- spurring Istria to rebrand itself as "truffle land".

The truffle rush started after the discovery of a bulb weighing 1.31 kilogrammes (2.88 pounds) that was listed for a time in the Guinness Book of World Records.

"The event started a truffle avalanche," says Giancarlo Zigante, a former hunter and restaurateur, who now produces hundreds of locally sourced truffle products -- including oil, chocolate and chips that are exported to dozens of countries worldwide.

Hoping to protect the area's lucrative truffle trade, the local association of truffle hunters has begun campaigning for "protected designation of origin" within the European Union.

If granted, it says the certification would help provide better management of the region's forests by eliminating their "irrational devastation", while also guaranteeing the truffle's authenticity and helping raise awareness for preservation efforts.

But for many enthusiasts, preserving the area's habitat is about protecting the simple pleasures that come with truffle hunts.

"The dog is happy whenever I'm happy. And I'm happy when my dog finds a truffle."