Havana's streets were calm Monday on the one-year anniversary of unprecedented anti-government demonstrations, with Cubans denouncing a preemptive security clampdown to avoid a repeat.

Amid fresh accusations of human rights abuses and calls from the United States for the Cuban government to "respect" dissident voices, President Miguel Diaz-Canel said he was convinced the country would emerge from what he described as a "complex situation."

There had been calls for new protests on the anniversary, but more than a dozen dissidents, artists and independent journalists said on Twitter they had received warnings from the police not to leave their homes, from where some reported seeing patrols outside.

They also included the parents of protesters in jail.

"I am under siege," tweeted Yurka Rodriguez, the mother of 25-year-old Yunaikis Linares, one of hundreds placed behind bars by the communist regime.

No one responded to calls for fresh protests to mark the anniversary of Cuba's biggest anti-government demonstrations
No one responded to calls for fresh protests to mark the anniversary of Cuba's biggest anti-government demonstrations AFP / YAMIL LAGE

Rodriguez used the hashtag #SOSCuba.

"No one will go out on the street," student Carlos Rafael Dominguez, 18, told AFP.

"There is no bringing it (the government) down," he said resignedly.

Added 64-year-old Maria de los Angeles Marquez: "People are resisting going out" because of the heavy sentences -- up to 25 years in some cases -- meted out for participation in last year's spontaneous outburst of anti-government ire.

Mass protests broke out across Cuba on July 11 and 12 last year, with demonstrators clamoring for food and freedoms amid the island's worst economic crisis in 30 years, and shortages of fuel, medicines and food.

Cuba is experiencing its worst economic crisis in 30 years, with inflation at 70 percent and a severe shortage of food and medicines as the Covid-19 pandemic dealt a cruel blow to a key source of income: tourism
Cuba is experiencing its worst economic crisis in 30 years, with inflation at 70 percent and a severe shortage of food and medicines as the Covid-19 pandemic dealt a cruel blow to a key source of income: tourism AFP / YAMIL LAGE

A crackdown by security forces left one dead, dozens injured and 1,300 people detained, according to rights observers.

Hundreds, including minors, have since been given jail sentences for such crimes as "public disorder," "contempt" or "sedition."

In a report published on the protest anniversary, Human Rights Watch detailed "systematic human rights violations" committed by the government to quash further dissent.

Human Rights Watch says the government in Havana has been committing 'systematic human rights violations' in a bid to quell any further uprising
Human Rights Watch says the government in Havana has been committing 'systematic human rights violations' in a bid to quell any further uprising AFP / YAMIL LAGE

The report listed claims of "arbitrary detention, abuse-ridden prosecutions, beatings and other cases of ill-treatment that in some cases constitute torture."

"A year ago today, thousands of Cubans protested, demanding rights and freedoms, but the government gave many of them only two options: prison or exile," said Juan Pappier, senior Americas researcher at HRW.

Diaz-Canel, who has described the protests as "a vandalistic coup," tweeted Monday that "if anything is to be commemorated this 11th of July, it is the victory of the Cuban people, the Cuban revolution."

Cuba has for the past six decades been the target of US sanctions that the government blames for the island nation's economic woes.

Citing a backdrop of "constant economic, political and ideological siege," the president said he was "convinced that we will also emerge from this complex situation."

Cuba accuses the United States of fomenting last year's protests.

In a statement Monday, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said Washington recognized the "determination and courage" of the Cuban people "as they continue to fight for respect for human rights."

The HRW report documented 155 cases of abuse as part of the "repression against July 2021 protesters."

This included detention of people protesting peacefully or on their way to join marches, and detainees held incommunicado sometimes for months on end without access to relatives or a lawyer.

It also reported unsanitary prison cells, and little or no access to food, medicines, clean water or Covid-19 masks.

"Many (detainees) said they were subject to abusive and repeat interrogations.... Some were beaten, forced to squat naked, or subjected to ill-treatment, including sleep deprivation," said the report.

Orestes Sandoval, an 80-year-old queueing to buy cigarettes in Cuba's capital, said new protests were unlikely.

"With everything that has happened, I don't believe anyone would dare to do such a thing."

In Miami, hundreds of members of the Cuban community gathered in "Little Havana" to show solidarity.

"I'm here to support my brother who lives in Cuba. Since they can't protest, I do it here. It's my grain of sand," said Ernesto Salleherri, a 59-year-old Cuban who arrived in the United States just a month ago.