Demonstrators hold a sign as they protest outside the Indonesian Parliament following a bill passed by legislators to create three new provinces in its underdeveloped region of Papua, in Jakarta, Indonesia, June 30, 2022.
Demonstrators hold a sign as they protest outside the Indonesian Parliament following a bill passed by legislators to create three new provinces in its underdeveloped region of Papua, in Jakarta, Indonesia, June 30, 2022. Reuters / AJENG DINAR ULFIANA

Indonesia's parliament passed on Thursday legislation to create three new provinces in its underdeveloped region of Papua, a move critics fear could undermine the standing of the area's indigenous population and threaten special autonomy powers.

The Southeast Asian nation's easternmost region, currently split between Papua and West Papua, will now be divided into five provinces, with the addition of South Papua, Central Papua and Highland Papua.

The government says the decision will help spur development, improve public service delivery, and create more opportunities for Papuans to become civil servants in the resource-rich area that remains one of the country's poorest regions.

Tito Karnavian, Indonesia's Home Affairs Minister, said after the vote that the primary goal of the legislation was "to accelerate development in Papua to increase the welfare of the people in Papua, especially indigenous Papuans."

But the plan has sparked protests in Papua, which has been seen a low-level independence conflict since a disputed 1969 U.N.-supervised vote brought Papua under Indonesian control.

Critics fear it could wrestle more power away from an area that is home to some of the world's biggest deposits of gold and copper.

"By slicing and dicing Papua into smaller administrative units, Jakarta hopes to divide and conquer Papuan identity and resistance," said Veronica Koman, an Indonesian human rights lawyer at Amnesty International Australia, who sees an increased risk of militarisation and violent clashes.

In an interview with Reuters in April, Papuan People's Assembly (MRP) chief Timotius Murib said the legislation would lead to an influx of non-indigenous Papuans into new government posts and was brought in without sufficient consultation, a charge the government has denied.

Changes to Papua's special autonomy law last year allowed the central government to create the new provinces, prompting the MRP to claim the change undermined autonomy and to file a judicial review at the constitutional court.

Indonesia's Home Affairs Ministry said the government would abide by the court ruling.