Japanese-American scientist Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann of Germany and Giorgio Parisi of Italy on Tuesday won the Nobel Physics Prize for climate models and the understanding of physical systems.

The Nobel committee said it was sending a message with its prize announcement just weeks before the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, as the rate of global warming sets off alarm bells around the world.

Last year's Nobel Physics Prize went to pioneering research on black holes
Last year's Nobel Physics Prize went to pioneering research on black holes POOL / Peter Kneffel

"The world leaders that haven't got the message yet, I'm not sure they will get it because we are saying it," said Thor Hans Hansson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.

"But... what we are saying is that the modelling of climate is solidly based in physics theory."

Manabe, 90, and Hasselmann, 89, will share half of the 10 million kronor ($1.1 million, one million euro) prize for their research on climate models.

Nobel Laureate in Physics Roger Penrose received the 2020 prize along with Reinhard Genzel of Germany and Andrea Ghez of the US
Nobel Laureate in Physics Roger Penrose received the 2020 prize along with Reinhard Genzel of Germany and Andrea Ghez of the US POOL / Niklas HALLE'N

Parisi, 73, won the other half for his work on the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems.

"Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann laid the foundation of our knowledge of the Earth's climate and how humanity influences it," the Nobel Committee said.

"Giorgio Parisi is rewarded for his revolutionary contributions to the theory of disordered materials and random processes," it added.

IMAGESThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the recipients of the Nobel Physics Prize. Syukuro Manabe of the US and Japan, Klaus Hasselmann of Germany, and Giorgio Parisi were recognised for their research on climate models and the understanding
IMAGESThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the recipients of the Nobel Physics Prize. Syukuro Manabe of the US and Japan, Klaus Hasselmann of Germany, and Giorgio Parisi were recognised for their research on climate models and the understanding of physical systems. AFPTV / Viken KANTARCI

Manabe, who left Japan for the US in the 1950s, is affiliated with Princeton University, while Hasselmann is a professor at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg.

Parisi, who also won the prestigious Wolf Prize in February, is a professor at Rome's Sapienza University.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the Nobel Physics Prize winners
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the Nobel Physics Prize winners AFPTV / Viken KANTARCI

Working in the 1960s, Manabe showed how levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere correspond to increased Earth surface temperatures. Crucially, he recognized the role of water vapour in trapping heat, which is much more than carbon dioxide alone.

'I am very grateful that young people have taken up the problem,' said Hasselmann
'I am very grateful that young people have taken up the problem,' said Hasselmann AFP / Daniel Bockwoldt

Manabe's seminal models, carried out at a time when computer power was a fraction of what they are today, remain a blueprint for the field.

But at the time he had little idea of his work's critical importance, telling reporters at a press event at Princeton, New Jersey, that he carried out his research "because I really had great fun".

Hasselmann was credited for working out how climate models can remain reliable despite sometimes chaotic variation in weather trends.

Giorgio Parisi speaking at the Lincean Academy in Rome, after co-winning the Nobel Physics Prize
Giorgio Parisi speaking at the Lincean Academy in Rome, after co-winning the Nobel Physics Prize AFP / Alberto PIZZOLI

The Committee praised his identification of climate "fingerprints" caused by both natural and human activities and how much climate change can be attributed solely to man-made emissions.

"In 30 to 100 years, depending on how much fossil fuel we consume, we will face a very significant climate change," Hasselmann said in a 1988 interview, according to a statement from the Max Planck Society in Germany.

Hasselmann received an ovation from his work colleagues when the news broke.

Graph showing that observed warming is only reproduced in simulations that take into account human influence
Graph showing that observed warming is only reproduced in simulations that take into account human influence AFP / Eléonore HUGHES

"It was a bit strange for me, and it took a little longer for the audience to understand (my research)," he said

"Personally, I am very grateful that young people have taken up the problem," he added.

While scientists have been warning about dire climate outcomes for decades, there has not been nearly enough policy progress on transitioning from fossil fuels.

Asked for his views on the intersection of science and politics, Manabe said: "To try to understand climate change is not too easy, but it's much, much easier than what is happening in current politics."

Parisi was honoured for his work in the 1980s that was said by the Committee to be "among the most important contributions" to the theory of complex systems.

His work helped physicists understand apparently entirely random materials, with wide-ranging applications including mathematics, biology and machine learning.

Linking Manabe and Hasselman's work to Parisi's, the Nobel Foundation said this year's prize "recognises new methods for describing complex systems and predicting their long-term behaviour.

"One complex system of vital importance to humankind is Earth's climate."

"I think the award is important not only for me but also for the other two because climate change is a huge threat to humanity and it is extremely important that governments act resolutely as quickly as possible," Parisi told a press conference at the Lincean Academy in Rome.

Tuesday's award was the first Nobel in physics to honour climate work, but the subject has previously received Nobel recognition in other disciplines.

The UN's IPCC, which received the Peace Prize together with former US vice president Al Gore in 2007, welcomed the award and congratulated the laureates in a statement.

"It is encouraging to see the Nobel Physics Prize recognising the work of scientists who have contributed so much to our understanding of climate change," said Hoesung Lee, chair of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.

He noted that both Manabe and Hasselmann had contributed to the IPCC's assessment reports in the 1990s.

But after considering the current climate crisis, and that his contribution was a step towards understanding it better, "Then I thought, maybe it's okay."