In the middle of Chile's Atacama desert, the driest in the world, Hector Espindola has an unexpected job: he runs a vineyard.

Nearly 2,500 meters (8,000 feet) above sea level, his small Bosque Viejo farm produces muscat grapes -- and another of a unique "criollo," or local, variety -- in the shadow of quince, pear and fig trees irrigated by a stream fed by melting Andean snow.

Chajnantor, one of the vineyards in the middle of Chile's Atacama desert
Chajnantor, one of the vineyards in the middle of Chile's Atacama desert AFP / MARTIN BERNETTI

Espindola, 71, farms in an oasis in the Toconao region in Chile's extreme north -- some 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) from the vineyards at the center of the world's longest country that have made it one of the world's top 10 wine exporters.

But growing grapes in the desert is no easy task.

The Ayllu cooperative yielded the equivalent of about one percent of Chile's national wine production in 2022
The Ayllu cooperative yielded the equivalent of about one percent of Chile's national wine production in 2022 AFP / MARTIN BERNETTI

Espindola contends with extreme day-night temperature fluctuations and extreme solar radiation on top of wind and frost.

"You have to be dedicated. I water here at night... at three in the morning, eleven at night," he told AFP while caressing his vines, dry and brown two months after the harvest.

"You have to be careful because here the heat, the climate is no joke," he said.

Cecilia Cruz produces syrah and pinot noir grapes on Chile's highest vineyard
Cecilia Cruz produces syrah and pinot noir grapes on Chile's highest vineyard AFP / MARTIN BERNETTI

"Sometimes it is windy and production is lost, sometimes the frost comes early. It is kind of complicated."

Growing wine grapes in a desert is no small feat
Growing wine grapes in a desert is no small feat AFP / MARTIN BERNETTI

Espindola sends his crop to the Ayllu cooperative which since 2017 has received grapes from 18 small vineyards around Toconao.

In 2021, the cooperative received 16 tons of grapes for a yield of 12,000 bottles.

Most of the Ayllu cooperative's contributors are members of indigenous communities
Most of the Ayllu cooperative's contributors are members of indigenous communities AFP / MARTIN BERNETTI

The harvest was better in 2022 with more than 20 tons of grapes -- enough for 15,000 bottles but still just a drop, at about one percent, of Chile's annual production.

Most contributors to the cooperative are members of indigenous communities who were previously individual, small-scale producers.

One of them, 67-year-old Cecilia Cruz, grows syrah and pinot noir grapes at an altitude of about 3,600 meters outside the village of Socaire -- Chile's highest vineyard.

"I feel special... to have this vineyard here and to produce wine at this altitude," she said amid the vines that still sport a few bunches of wrinkled, dried grapes.

But she has a bigger goal: "a future" for her three sons.

For Ayllu oenologist Fabian Munoz, 24, the mission is to create a unique wine that captures the characteristics of the volcanic rock in which the grapes grow.

"When the consumer tastes an Ayllu wine (they should) think: 'Wow! I'm tasting the Atacama desert'," he said.

Carolina Vicencio, an expert in wine chemistry, said the altitude, low atmospheric pressure and extreme temperature fluctuations make for a thicker-skinned grape.

"This generates more tannin molecules in the skin of the grape which gives a certain bitterness in the wine," she said.

"There is also higher salinity of the soil... which makes for a touch of mineralization in the mouth" that makes the Atacama desert wine one of a kind.