Draped in a colourful saree and shirt, Lakshmi Murgesan dives into the azure waters off India's southern coast to collect seaweed, which is being hailed by scientists as a miracle crop that absorbs more carbon dioxide than trees.

India is the world's third largest carbon polluter, behind China and the US, and has yet to set a target date for its emissions to reach net zero.

Scientists are looking into how seaweed Scientists are looking into how seaweed farming could help reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, reverse ocean acidification and improve the marine environment
Scientists are looking into how seaweed Scientists are looking into how seaweed farming could help reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, reverse ocean acidification and improve the marine environment AFP / Arun SANKAR

But authorities are looking into how seaweed farming could help reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, reverse ocean acidification and improve the marine environment, as well as providing a sustainable livelihood for marginalised coastal communities.

"I am doing this for my children... It requires a lot of hard work, but I am able to earn good profits from about four months of work," said Murgesan, who makes 20,000 rupees ($265) each month farming the fibrous macroalgae.

"I would not have been able to educate my children but after doing this, I could send my children to college," she added, smiling as she emerged from the waters in Rameswaram, in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.

India, which has a 8,000-kilometre (5,000-mile) coastline, is now aiming to boost production from the current 30,000 tons to more than one million tons each year by 2025
India, which has a 8,000-kilometre (5,000-mile) coastline, is now aiming to boost production from the current 30,000 tons to more than one million tons each year by 2025 AFP / Arun SANKAR

M. Ganesan, a government marine scientist, said seaweed provides a possible way forward as coastal habitats and wetlands absorb five times more carbon than terrestrial forests.

"It is a miracle crop in many ways, it is eco-friendly, it doesn't use land or fresh water. It absorbs carbon dioxide dissolved in water during photosyntheses and oxygenates the entire marine ecosystem," Ganesan told AFP.

India, which has an 8,000-kilometre (5,000-mile) coastline, is now aiming to boost production from the current 30,000 tons to more than one million tons each year by 2025.

Globally seaweed absorb around 173 million metric tons of carbon each year -- the same annual emissions as New York State, according to a 2016 paper in Nature Geosciences
Globally seaweed absorb around 173 million metric tons of carbon each year -- the same annual emissions as New York State, according to a 2016 paper in Nature Geosciences AFP / Arun SANKAR

Globally, seaweed production was worth around $12 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow to $26 billion by 2025, with China and Indonesia having 80 per cent of the market share.

Murgesan is part of a team of women who work together to cultivate fronds of seaweed on bamboo rafts, before harvesting and drying them.

Globally, seaweed production was worth around $12 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow to $26 billion by 2025, with China and Indonesia having 80 per cent of the market share
Globally, seaweed production was worth around $12 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow to $26 billion by 2025, with China and Indonesia having 80 per cent of the market share AFP / Arun SANKAR

The tropical waters of Tamil Nadu form an ideal environment -- with one raft yielding up to 200 kilos (440 pounds) in around 45 days.

The product is then sent for sale in markets nationwide as well as the US and Australia through AquAgri, a private company that promotes algal cultivation in India.

Popular in East and South East Asian cuisine, seaweed is also used in medicine, cosmetics, bio-fertiliser and bio-fuel.

Seaweed does not require fertiliser, freshwater, or pesticides
Seaweed does not require fertiliser, freshwater, or pesticides AFP / Arun SANKAR

"Seaweed has major use as a crop bio-stimulant for increasing productivity and making the crop more resilient to climate induced stresses. It's also used as a major ingredient in meat and food processing," Abhiram Seth, managing director of AquAgri, told AFP.

And while it has not been traditionally popular in India, in July the government announced some $85 million in subsidies for seaweed farming initiatives over the next five years.

Seaweed cultivation is already common in Japan, China, Indonesia and the Philippines.

As well as absorbing carbon dioxide when it is alive, when it dies and drops to the seafloor, seaweed also keeps carbon in the sediment, scientists say
As well as absorbing carbon dioxide when it is alive, when it dies and drops to the seafloor, seaweed also keeps carbon in the sediment, scientists say AFP / Arun SANKAR

Interest is growing in Australia, which has outlined a plan to develop a $100 million industry by 2025.

Seth said there was potential to benefit both the environment and farmers like Murgesan.

"Seaweeds clean up the water. At the same time seaweed cultivators get a sustainable income without having to relocate to urban areas to find work," he explained.

Seaweed does not require fertiliser, freshwater, or pesticides. Kelp, one of the most commonly farmed types, grows at a rate of 61cm (two feet) a day.

They absorb an estimated 173 million metric tons of carbon each year -- the same annual emissions as New York State, according to a 2016 paper in Nature Geosciences.

And a recent study by the University of California found that mixing red seaweed in animal feed could help reduce methane emissions.

"We now have sound evidence that seaweed in cattle diet is effective at reducing greenhouse gases and that the efficacy does not diminish over time," Ermias Kebreab, director of the World Food Center, said in the research.

As well as absorbing carbon dioxide when it is alive, when it dies and drops to the seafloor, seaweed also keeps carbon in the sediment, Ganesan added.

However scientists say there can be downsides to farming it.

"Overharvesting seaweed has its drawbacks because it forms the food for many reef dwelling creatures like sea urchins and reef fish," said marine biologist Naveen Namboothri, from Dakshin Foundation, adding that extraction could disturb the reef.

Conscious of these risks, Murgesan and the other farmers work for only 12 days a month and don't harvest during the main fish breeding season, between April and June.

Seaweed farmer Vijaya Muthuraman, who never went to school, relies on traditional knowledge.

"We only grow as much as we need and in a way that doesn't harm or kill the fish," she said, sitting on the shore after the day's toil, the gentle surf rising and ebbing behind her.

The dangers of getting hurt by the rocky sea bed or stung by jellyfish always lurk for the women, but they appeared undaunted, laughing and chatting away their worries.

"We face a lot of hazards but this work has given me and my family some dignity," she said, adding: "Our living standards have improved and now others in my village also want to become seaweed farmers."