Bangladesh turns 50 this week as an economic success story but also an increasingly repressive de facto one-party state where a cartoon or Facebook post can land you in jail, or worse.

A.B.M. Shamsuddin has been a major beneficiary of the boom. He launched his sweater factory in 1998 with 110 machines and 250 workers. Now Hannan Group's five factories supply two dozen European brands and employ more than 10,000 people.

"My annual turnover is $100 million," Shamsuddin, 66, told AFP as his workers stitched clothes for German high-street outlet Esprit. "I became a hero from zero."

Ruma is part of a three-million-strong army of garment workers who have turned Bangladesh into the world's second-largest clothing exporter
Ruma is part of a three-million-strong army of garment workers who have turned Bangladesh into the world's second-largest clothing exporter AFP / Munir Uz zaman

Praising the government for building decent infrastructure such as roads, ports and energy facilities, he predicts "a new era of prosperity" for the country of 168 million people.

One of his employees is Ruma, part of a three-million-strong army of garment workers who have turned Bangladesh into the world's second-largest clothing exporter behind China.

When Ruma's mother died from diarrhoea in the 1980s, she was sent to live with relatives where an uncle tore up her books because "education isn't for girls".

The garment industry has helped lift millions of people out of poverty
The garment industry has helped lift millions of people out of poverty AFP / Munir Uz zaman

She now earns $420 in some months. During the Muslim festival of Eid she and her husband take home more than $1,000 and are able to spend $120 a month educating their two children.

"I am determined that my children will not be deprived of education," she told AFP in her two-room concrete home in the dusty industrial town of Gazipur.

Bangladesh's economy has grown more than seven percent annually over the past decade
Bangladesh's economy has grown more than seven percent annually over the past decade AFP / Munir Uz zaman

When Bangladesh won independence from Pakistan in 1971 after a brutal war that killed three million people, it was written off as a "basket case" by then US national security advisor Henry Kissinger.

More than 80 percent of people lived below the poverty line. Famines and military coups were frequent and most industry including the huge jute sector was owned by Pakistani businesspeople.

Ahmed Kabir Kishore believes his crime was a cartoon mocking a businessman with close government ties
Ahmed Kabir Kishore believes his crime was a cartoon mocking a businessman with close government ties AFP / Munir Uz zaman

Now, according to Norwegian researcher Eirik G. Jansen, who has closely studied Bangladesh over the last four decades, a little over 10 percent of people live in extreme poverty.

Production of rice, the main staple, has more than trebled, while life expectancy has risen to 73 from 41 in 1971, according to his latest book "Seeing the End of Poverty: Bhaimara Revisited".

For the last decade the economy has grown more than seven percent annually and per capita GDP has more than quadrupled since 2000.

Cartoonist Ahmed Kabir Kishore says he was tortured while in jail
Cartoonist Ahmed Kabir Kishore says he was tortured while in jail AFP / Munir Uz zaman

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's government aims to make Bangladesh a "developed country" by 2041.

Life expectancy in Bangladesh has risen from 41 at independence to 73 today
Life expectancy in Bangladesh has risen from 41 at independence to 73 today AFP / Munir Uz zaman

But campaigners say democracy is being eroded under Hasina, premier since 2009 and the daughter of Bangladesh's murdered "Father of the Nation" Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Both are the subject of what critics call a growing cult of personality, with murals of their faces springing up around the country.

The main opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) is in tatters, with its chief, Hasina's arch-rival Khaleda Zia, in jail for corruption and ailing.

The party says at least 3.5 million of its activists and supporters have been charged since 2012 under trumped-up charges, with many of them now behind bars.

Hundreds of others are missing after being picked up by security forces, the BNP says.

Authorities are clamping down on criticism, particularly online, with "digital security" legislation that rights groups say is used to arrest hundreds of journalists, activists and others.

One was writer Mushtaq Ahmed after he published an article and shared Facebook posts critical of Hasina's handling of the coronavirus pandemic.

Ahmed, 53, collapsed in a high-security prison and died in February, sparking days of protests and clashes with security forces.

Arrested with him and now on bail after 10 months behind bars is cartoonist Ahmed Kabir Kishore, 45. He says he was tortured -- allegations the authorities have denied.

He believes his crime was a cartoon mocking a businessman with close ties to the government. On the advice of his lawyer and rights activists he is now at a secret location.

"Am I a free man? I cannot draw. I was tortured because I drew. I was taken away from my child for 10 months because I drew," he said.

Hazera Khatun certainly will not be joining the celebrations for the South Asian country's half-centenary beginning on Friday.

Seven years ago, she says, her son Sajedul Islam Suman, an opposition activist, was taken away by the notorious Rapid Action Battalion, an elite police unit blamed for hundreds of extrajudicial killings.

"When night falls, I keep watching at the front door. Perhaps they have dropped my son on the porch," she said, wiping away tears while looking through old photos of her child.

"My son loved the country a lot. He was very patriotic. He would fly the national flag, he would listen to patriotic songs," she added.

"I don't like hearing those songs. This country is no longer ours."