On sweeping fields once blanketed in lush purple, a thin and bedraggled crop of flowers is all farmers in Indian-administered Kashmir's saffron-growing region Pampore have to show for this year's harvest.

In Kashmir, dry conditions blamed on climate change have seen yields of saffron halved in the last two decades
In Kashmir, dry conditions blamed on climate change have seen yields of saffron halved in the last two decades AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

Dry conditions blamed on climate change have seen yields of the world's most expensive spice halved in the past two decades, threatening the future of a cash crop that has brought wealth to the region for 2,500 years.

"These fields used to be like goldmines," said Abdul Ahad Mir in Pampore, just south of Indian-administered Kashmir's main city Srinagar.

The saffron fields in this region were once completely covered in lush purple during the harvesting season
The saffron fields in this region were once completely covered in lush purple during the harvesting season AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

Saffron has long thrived there, and Mir's family was reared in the delicate work of plucking the lucrative but tiny crimson threads from purple crocus flowers.

"In my childhood we needed 80 men over a week to pick the flowers," Mir told AFP.

Saffron is the world's most expensive spice; collecting it involves plucking the crimson threads from inside purple crocus flowers
Saffron is the world's most expensive spice; collecting it involves plucking the crimson threads from inside purple crocus flowers AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

"Today our family of six finish it in a day."

Saffron -- used for tea, cooking and cosmetics -- can cost more than $10,000 per kilogram on the international market
Saffron -- used for tea, cooking and cosmetics -- can cost more than $10,000 per kilogram on the international market AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

Warming temperatures caused by climate change have made rainfall erratic, depleting the thirsty saffron fields of water. Shrinking glaciers across the Himalayan region have also cut water flows to the foothills downstream.

It takes around 160,000 flowers to yield one kilogram of the precious spice, which will sell for around $1,350 in local markets.

The harvest season this year has also been disrupted by the coronavirus pandemic and unrest in the region
The harvest season this year has also been disrupted by the coronavirus pandemic and unrest in the region AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

But official figures show that harvests of the so-called "red gold" were just 1.4 kilograms per hectare in 2018 -- half the figure recorded in 1998.

Mohammad Ramzan Rather says his acreage in Pampore only produced around 30 grams of the crop this year, down from two kilograms 12 years ago.

Some farmers are converting their land to apple orchards to use less water; but some still think with traditional methods, there is hope for saffron farming
Some farmers are converting their land to apple orchards to use less water; but some still think with traditional methods, there is hope for saffron farming AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

The harvest season -- which lasts for just two weeks at the end of autumn -- has also been devastated by the coronavirus pandemic, as well as recent security lockdowns in response to a long-running insurgency in the disputed territory, claimed by both India and arch-rival Pakistan.

Farmers on the ground say the Indian authorities' attempts to introduce modern agricultural technology have been largely unhelpful
Farmers on the ground say the Indian authorities' attempts to introduce modern agricultural technology have been largely unhelpful AFP / Tauseef MUSTAFA

Historians say saffron has been cultivated in Kashmir since at least 500 BC.

Locally the spice is added to traditional dishes and used as an ingredient in Kehwa, a sweet drink served during special occasions such as marriages.

Elsewhere in the world, it is prized for its use in cooking and cosmetics and can fetch prices of more than $10,000 per kilogram on the international market.

Nearly 90 percent of the world's saffron is grown in Iran, but experts consider Kashmir's crop to be superior for its deep red colour and distinct aroma.

In 2010, Indian authorities sought to halt the impact of climate change by launching a $54 million fund to introduce modern agricultural technology to farmers.

Authorities have touted it as a success, claiming it has rejuvenated Kashmir's 3,700 acres of saffron fields.

But farmers disagree. They have ripped up plastic irrigation pipes that are now strewn across fields, saying they bring little water and make it harder to till the land.

Others say high-yield seed varieties introduced under the scheme have ruined their crops.

Jalal-ud-Din Wani said some farmers were turning their land into orchards because apples need less water.

Though he said the government's intervention had failed, Wani believes that the luck of some farmers may improve.

If they stick to traditional methods of farming the crop, he said, "there is still a sliver of chance to revive it."

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