Fears For Future Of Romania's Master Violin Makers

Surrounded by violins hung from the ceiling and lined up on shelves, Vasile Gliga looks proudly on the fruits of his labours.

From his factory in the central Romanian city of Reghin, Gliga has been one of the city's world-famous instrument makers for more than 30 years.

His business is one of the city's large-scale producers in a city that also hosts master craftsmen turning out just a handful of instruments a year.

The secret to his success, he says, is simple: "Putting a little of your soul into it."

Gliga turned out his first two violins in a box room in his flat in 1988 when was 29.

Last year however his business sold 50,000 instruments -- from violins to double basses -- only two percent of them going to Romanian customers.

Romania is the EU country that exports the most violins outside the bloc, according to Eurostat's 2018 figures.

But like many in his trade, Gliga worries he may be one of a dying breed.

For Romania's renowned luthiers -- the craftsmen who specialise in making stringed instruments -- face a twin challenge: cheaper competition from abroad and finding the next generation of craftsman to carry on their tradition.

Virgil Bandila works at the other end of the scale.

In a city where, he says, "virtually every street" has one or two luthiers at work, his small workshop employs seven craftsman.

Last year, they produced just 25 violins, and all of them went to foreign clients -- mainly in France and Germany, but but also to Japan and China.

Bandila, like Gliga, has concerns about the future.

His main worry is whether he can find apprentices to pass on the secrets of the craft.

"We were all born in the 1970s and after us there's no-one left," he says of the current generation of craftsmen.

Four million Romanians have left the country in recent years, mostly for Western Europe, in the hope of building a better life for themselves.

"Young people are keener on computing," he laments -- or finding less strenuous jobs abroad.

Gliga agrees that the craft is an exacting one.

"A high-calibre violin takes 300 hours of work over the course of a year -- and that's after leaving the wood to dry for five years," he explains.

That wood must be of the best quality, and Reghin's reputation is built in part on the ancient maple trees in the surrounding forests.

"The most prized trees are the flame maples, they grow wild, shaped by the wind," says Gliga employee Cristian Pop.

But that same wood is also much coveted by violin makers in China, the world's premier exporter of musical instruments.

They buy their stocks via local middlemen and then sell their finished articles at a higher price on the basis they have "European wood".

Chinese manufacturers are turning out cheaper violins than those made in Romania, selling them for as little as 30 euros ($36) each.

The violins for sale on Gliga's website range from beginner models priced at around $200 to elite instruments costing several thousand.

Reghin's pedigree in violin making stretches back to 1951, when the then communist regime set up a musical instrument factory there to take advantage of the local tradition of woodworking.

Hora Instruments is still in business, producing everything from panpipes and lyres to ukeleles, says Nicolae Bazgan, an engineer by training who has been running the factory for 54 years.

The number of instruments produced by the factory during every year of operation is meticulously recorded in a small notebook: 37 in 1951, 99,000 in 1980, 60,000 en 2019.

There were barely 37,000 last year, when pandemic restrictions meant the factory had to stay shut for three months.

But it has also been a training ground for some of the city's best-known luthiers: Gliga and Bandila are among those who graduated from Hora to set up their own businesses.

Others however, have simply emigrated, adding to the worries about how long Reghin's violin-making tradition will last.

Bandila, at least, has some cause for optimism.

"My hope is that my son, who is studying violin making in the UK, will come back to Reghin and take over the business."