In India, a Sense of Crisis Fans Embers of Reform

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's move, last week, to open India's protected retail sector to global supermarket giants surprised critics who had written him off as a policy ditherer. He was, however, probably motivated by expedience rather than any reformist zeal.

India's stellar economic growth is slowing, the rupee has skidded to record lows and inflation is stuck close to a double-digit clip. Faced with this predicament, Singh may have simply weighed the benefits of opening a $450 billion market to foreign investment against the political risk and taken his chance.

Just as he did back in 1991, when the central bank was forced to airlift 47 tonnes of gold to Europe as collateral for a loan to avert a sovereign default, Singh has opted for liberalisation to deal with urgent economic problems.

In India, we've always achieved economic reform at gunpoint, said political commentator Swapan Dasgupta.

Many seized on Singh's retail sector decision, taken in the face of dissent within his own cabinet, as a sign that the reform process he helped father was finally back on track. The front page headlines of the Economic Times, on Friday, crowed: Hello Walmart, Goodbye Inertia.

Unpopular, saddled with petulant coalition allies, up against a combative opposition and facing elections in five states next year, Singh's Congress party is likely to shy away from far-reaching economic reforms that could cost it votes.

Nevertheless, the move to allow multinationals into the retail market could be the first of several liberalisation initiatives aimed at silencing complaints from business leaders and even its own supporters that this is a government adrift.

They are not reformers, said Surjit Bhalla, Chairman of Oxus Investments, But, given its huge unpopularity, Congress is now looking to do what it can. There's more than an even chance that reforms will continue.

Next up may be a decision to open India's airline sector, which is struggling with cost pressures and a fierce price war, to foreign investors.

Risk and Reward

Singh, who will be 80 next year, earned his reformist stripes as Finance Minister back in 1991, when he prised open India's state-stifled economy, opening the way for a long run of dazzling growth.

However, as Prime Minister since 2004, he has presided over less spectacular reforms such as opening the country's nuclear power market and freeing petrol and fertiliser pricing. In addition, his government, beleaguered by corruption scandals, has slipped into a policy paralysis since it won a second term two years ago, taking the gloss off the India Shining story.

Asia's third-largest economy is nowhere near the crisis it was facing 20 years ago. However, growth has sagged since it topped 9 percent for three years in a row before the global financial crisis and a monetary tightening cycle to stamp out inflation that began in March 2010 is exacerbating the slowdown.

The move to allow multinationals into India's vast retail market will eventually help unclog some of the supply bottlenecks that stoke inflation. It will also generate sorely needed foreign capital, not least for infrastructure investment, which the government's latest five-year plan targets at an ambitious $1 trillion.

The government has recently taken other steps to attract funds from abroad. It has raised the limit on foreign investment in government and corporate bonds and the cabinet has approved a law that - once it has parliamentary approval - will allow limited foreign direct investment in pensions firms.

While none of this will address the country's economic ills in the short term, it may bring an immediate political gain.

Welcoming in the world's big supermarket brands is risky. It will fuel fury against the Congress among the millions of neighbourhood store owners, who could make the party pay in next year's state elections.

But the promise of world-class shopping will be welcomed by India's growing ranks of urban middle classes, and Singh's uncharacteristic boldness could shore up public faith in his government as it gears up for a general election in 2014.

If there is a new phase of reforms underway, it is likely to be tentative rather than sweeping.

Some reforms, such as removing subsidies on diesel, are politically untouchable because of the backlash the party would face from the poor. Even the decision to open up the retail sector was hedged with provisos that will protect shopkeepers in small towns and rural areas.

The government's plans to pass a food security bill, which would widen subsidies for the poor, are an example of how there has been little change in the populist stance of the Congress party. Critics say the bill will only add to the fiscal deficit.

Nevertheless, with its back to the wall, the government appears to have snapped out of its inertia.

Reforms have been thrust upon it, said Bhalla. As long as the pressure is on this government it will continue to act.