French President Emmanuel Macron has gambled by not imposing a third national lockdown to contain Covid-19 -- against expectations and the advice of senior scientific advisers.

The 43-year-old leader opted to tighten existing restrictions on travel and shopping at a cabinet meeting on Friday after a week in which his government appeared to be preparing the public for new stay-at-home orders.

The move keeps France on a different path to its biggest neighbours Britain and Germany at a time when the more contagious UK variant of the disease is spreading rapidly across Europe.

"Everything suggests that a new wave could occur because of the variant, but perhaps we can avoid it thanks to the measures that we decided early and that the French people are respecting," Health Minister Olivier Veran told the Journal du Dimanche (JDD) newspaper on Sunday.

He said that, unlike in other countries, the number of new coronavirus cases had barely increased last week, while other indicators -- such as traces of the virus detected in waste water -- were also reassuring.

The French government put in place a strict night-time curfew after a second lockdown ended in December, while deaths of around 250 a day are currently less than a quarter of the number in Britain or Germany.

Macron was concerned about the impact of another lockdown on a country struggling with the mental health consequences of nearly a year of restrictions, as well as a deep recession, sources told AFP.

And he was encouraged by evidence suggesting that the country might be able to contain new daily cases at their current level of around 24,000 without resorting to closing shops and schools and ending domestic travel.

"Even when the path is narrow, you need to take it," the JDD reported Macron as telling ministers at the meeting on Friday.

"When you're French, you have everything you need to succeed providing you dare to try."

Images of anti-lockdown riots in the Netherlands last week are also said to have weighed on his thinking.

French President Emmanuel Macron is reported to have been concerned about the impact of another lockdown after nearly a year of restrictions, as well as a deep recession
French President Emmanuel Macron is reported to have been concerned about the impact of another lockdown after nearly a year of restrictions, as well as a deep recession AFP / Ludovic MARIN

But by going against the instincts of health minister Veran and others on his coronavirus scientific council, Macron is taking personal responsibility for a decision with potential to backfire.

"Why Macron Said No" read the front-page headline of the JDD, making it clear who should be credited -- or blamed -- in the future.

Under the new restrictions approved on Friday, large shopping centres were closed and all non-essential travel to France was banned from outside of the European Union from Sunday.

Many experts, citing studies since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, argue that early lockdowns are the most effective because they tend to be shorter and reduce the overall economic damage.

"We're doing everything to avoid another lockdown, knowing the economic, social and psychological effects," a presidential adviser told AFP on condition of anonymity.

At stake is the government's credibility and the clarity of its messaging, just 15 months from a presidential election in which Macron is expected to face off against resurgent far-right leader, Marine Le Pen.

As he bids for a second term, the French leader's record on managing the coronavirus crisis -- including the lockdowns, economic support packages and the vaccination campaign -- will come under fierce scrutiny.

A poll published Sunday in the JDD showed only 36 percent had confidence in the government's handling, while 64 percent did not.

Using an expression first used during the tumultuous inter-war years of France's Third Republic, Le Pen has accused the government of acting "like a dead dog floating along in the water".

"We have the feeling of being knocked around without ever anticipating, without ever looking ahead, without ever taking the decisions that allow us to avoid, when it's possible, lockdown number 1, number 2 or number 3," she said last week.

But in arguing against lockdowns, it may be that both Macron and Le Pen are out of step with public opinion.

A poll Sunday in the JDD, showed that 60 percent would be in favour of a lockdown, but most want schools and non-essential shops to stay open.

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