Shells and bullets are hurtling thicker and faster than ever between Indian and Pakistani forces across Kashmir's ceasefire line, killing and maiming at a rate not seen in the entrenched conflict for two decades.

Zameer Ahmad was building a community bunker on the Indian side of the Himalayan region's disputed frontier -- officially known as the Line of Control (LoC) -- when a sniper round fired from Pakistani-controlled territory struck the ground nearby.

The Line of Control, Kashmir's ceasefire line between Indian and Pakistani forces, is more dangerous than ever, with recent violence at a level not seen in twenty years
The Line of Control, Kashmir's ceasefire line between Indian and Pakistani forces, is more dangerous than ever, with recent violence at a level not seen in twenty years AFP / Sajjad QAYYUM

Ahmad and co-worker Sadakat Hussain took cover behind a wall in the village of Simari. "We finally decided to try to run but we both got hit," the 26-year-old told AFP.

Ahmad took a bullet in the stomach and now has to wear a colostomy bag. Hussain, 23, walks with a limp because of his wounded foot.

Map of disputed Kashmir showing the areas administered by Pakistan, India and China.
Map of disputed Kashmir showing the areas administered by Pakistan, India and China. AFP / STAFF

"It is scary, we just don't know why the firing starts," said Hussain, speaking during a visit to the frontier zone organised by the Indian military.

Similar stories are told on both sides of the 344-kilometre (213-mile) partition amid ever-tougher talk between the nuclear-armed neighbours, who have fought two wars over the region in the past seven decades.

Both sides say the other has violated the ceasefire thousands of times this year -- scores of civilians have been killed
Both sides say the other has violated the ceasefire thousands of times this year -- scores of civilians have been killed AFP / Money SHARMA

Scores of civilians have been killed this year, and a UN observer mission car was struck by a bullet in December.

India says at least 10 of its forces have been killed by artillery shells or sniper fire from Pakistani-controlled Kashmir since the start of November.

Towns nearby are badly affected by the violence; many homes have blast damage and the farmland is full of craters
Towns nearby are badly affected by the violence; many homes have blast damage and the farmland is full of craters AFP / Sajjad QAYYUM

It claims Pakistan violated a 2003 ceasefire accord more than 5,000 times last year -- the highest since it started.

About 20 civilians were killed over the year, and incidents included drones dropping grenades into Indian territory.

Shells fall at all times of day; even when children are at school, or markets are open
Shells fall at all times of day; even when children are at school, or markets are open AFP / Money SHARMA

Pakistan, in turn, accuses India of more than 3,000 violations in 12 months, leaving 29 dead, 250 civilians wounded, and hundreds of buildings destroyed or damaged.

Jura, just four kilometres from the LoC in the Neelum Valley, has been worst hit on the Pakistani side, authorities say.

Residents say tensions have risen since February 2019, after an Indian air attack that followed a suicide bomb attack in Kashmir which killed 40 Indian troops
Residents say tensions have risen since February 2019, after an Indian air attack that followed a suicide bomb attack in Kashmir which killed 40 Indian troops AFP / Sajjad QAYYUM

The shelling can last for hours or days, the town's residents told AFP. Half the homes have blast damage and the farmland is pock-marked with craters.

"Most of the time we are shut up in our house. It is a war on us," Amna Bibi, 40, said while washing clothes outside her home.

Despite the increased violence, observers say neither India or Pakistan are incentivised to dial down tensions at the moment
Despite the increased violence, observers say neither India or Pakistan are incentivised to dial down tensions at the moment AFP / Money SHARMA

In the nearby village of Chilyana, the 500 inhabitants also rarely stray outside.

"When we leave in the morning to open our shop, we don't know if we will return home," Khawaja Zubair Ahmad said.

With each side blaming the other, the firing is at dangerous levels, according to observers.

Residents say tensions have risen since February 2019 when India staged an air attack on Pakistani territory after a suicide bomber killed 40 Indian troops in Kashmir.

India says Pakistan uses shelling to cover increased attempts to infiltrate militants across the line to fuel an insurgency.

Pakistan has been incensed by India's revoking of Muslim-majority Kashmir's semi-autonomous status in 2019 -- "a move that Islamabad regarded as a particularly serious provocation", said Michael Kugelman, a South Asia specialist at the Wilson Center think tank in Washington.

Residents on the Indian side say Pakistan deliberately cut off their water supply for farms. Pakistan bemoans the closure of a bridge that until last year was used to bring divided families together.

Khaleel ul Rahman, village head in Sudhpura on the Indian side, rushes to his cow shed and stays with the animals when a midnight barrage starts.

Sudhpura suffers badly even by Kashmir's violent standards. It is surrounded on three sides by Pakistan-administered Kashmir and a third of the village is on the Pakistan side.

Shells also fall when markets are open and children are in school. "People just panic. It is like a stampede," said local school principal Mansoor Ahmad.

Observers say though that neither India nor Pakistan is in a rush to find a solution. The Hindu nationalist government in New Delhi and Muslim administration in Islamabad are too entrenched.

"The history of India-Pakistan relations has had many more lows than highs, and right now we're experiencing a particularly ugly, prolonged low," said Kugelman.

"There is little incentive on either side to dial down tensions."

Rival prime ministers Narendra Modi and Imran Khan both offered better relations on taking office -- Modi even visited Pakistan -- but their gestures were rejected by the other.

Modi boasted last year that Pakistan would "bite the dust" in seven to 10 days if it started a new war. Khan replied last month that India would get a "befitting" response if it tried anything.

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