Where were you on Jan. 25 two years ago? If you’re Egyptian, you or somebody you know was probably among the many thousands who descended on Cairo's Tahrir Square to begin what became one of the most monumental political overthrows in the world.
The Egyptians were second in a line of Middle Eastern-North African peoples to attempt to sieze power for themselves during the so-called Arab Spring.
The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 resolved itself relatively quickly, but not exactly bloodlessly.
President Hosni Mubarak, the dictator in the Land of Pharoahs, had been in power almost 30 years when about 2 million of his constituents started screaming for him to step down. During the two weeks of protests in Tahrir Square and elsewhere around Egypt, roughly 850 people were killed, 6,500 were wounded, and 12,000 were arrested.
(Another 10 died and hundreds more were injured in the protests that re-rocked the country last November in response to a power grab by Mubarak's successor, President Mohammed Morsi.)
The situation is still far from perfect. The Morsi-allied Muslim Brotherhood appears invincible, and existing opposition parties have neither enough organization nor loud enough voices to effectively speak up.
Experts say mass protests are likely to remain a staple of the Egyptian political process for some time: The fragmented state of the opposition was exacerbated last November when it failed to form a truly effective coalition against the Islamist-dominated Egyptian Assembly, led by the Muslim Brotherhood's political arm. Until the opposition is able to coalesce around an articulated message, street demonstrations will probably remain the strategy of choice.
In addition, Egypt’s economy is still hurting from the protests. The country's foreign reserves could be depleted in two to three months without replenishment, and the Egyptian pound is at its lowest point ever against the U.S. dollar. The nation's economy's main tentpole, tourism, has yet to recover, and Egypt is now trying to pull in loans from any willing lenders. So far, these have included the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.
Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood did score major points on the world stage at the end of November when they successfully brokered a cease-fire between Hamas in the Gaza Strip and the Israeli government after eight days of missiles being traded between the two combatants. Morsi won accolades from United Nations diplomats and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for “assuming the responsibility and leadership that has long made this country [Egypt] a cornerstone of regional stability and peace.”
In many ways, a new, democratic Egypt is still being born. Meanwhile, here’s a look at where the old regime's leaders, and their detractors, stand today.
Former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is seen here speaking during a news conference after talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel (who is not pictured) at the Chancellery in Berlin on March 4, 2010.Reuters/Thomas PeterSuzanne Mubarak, former First lady: Suzanne Mubarak smiles as she arrives for the Stop Human Trafficking Now forum in Luxor, southern Egypt December 11, 2010. Known mostly for her work with women and children, Mrs. Mubarak quickly disappeared from the public eye when the January 25 uprisings began. She was hospitalized in May 2011 for “severe chest pains,” a day after she was detained on corruption charges. According to a 2012 profile of her in the Daily Beast, Mubarak now dwells at the family villa outside Cairo and visits her husband in jail. She is the only Mubarak not in jail or on trial.Reuters/Goran TomasevicGamal "Jimmy" Mubarak: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak's younger son Gamal Mubarak attends a session at the World Economic Forum on the Middle East in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, May 21, 2006. Widely considered to be Hosni’s heir apparent, Gamal was often in the Egyptian press. During the uprising, it was widely rumored that the president clung to power as long as he did simply because Gamal kept his father sheltered from the reality of the protests, telling his father it was only a few people who would go away. After Mubarak stepped down, Gamal was swiftly accused of corruption and arrested in April 2011.Reuters/Ronen ZvulunAlaa "Alan" Mubarak, older son: Pictured here with his wife Heddy at a Coptic Christmas Eve Mass on January 6, 2011, just before the revolution began. Unlike his younger brother Gamal, Alaa kept a relatively low profile as a businessman and was not involved in politics. He was imprisoned in April 2011 on charges of corruption, abuse of power, and causing fatalities during the riots. He remains in jail, where he reportedly speaks to few other people except his brother.Reuters/Mohamed Abd El-GhanyMohammed el-Baradei, opposition leader: Prominent Egyptian reform campaigner Mohamed ElBaradei talks to journalists before leaving Vienna to Cairo at the Vienna airport, January 27, 2011. Baradei was a prominent opposition figure in the revolution, and was widely touted to lead the Muslim Brotherhood following Mubarak’s ousting. The Brotherhood, however, rejected this idea. He was expected to run for president, but announced in January 2012 that he would not. In April 2012 Baradei formed the Egyptian Constitution Party, too late for him to run for office, but he and his party became prominent again during the November 2012 protests against the constitutional referendum.Reuters/Heinz-Peter BaderWael Ghonim: The Egyptian internet activist arrives to be honored at the 2011 Time 100 Gala ceremony in New York April 26, 2011. The former Google executive gained notoriety after his arrest by police and incarceration for 11 days, during which time he said he was kept blindfolded. He was subsequently ended up on TIME magazine’s 100 most influential people of 2011, and announced via Twitter that he decided to “take a long-term sabbatical from Google & start a technology focused NGO to fight poverty & foster education in Egypt.” Sin January 2012, he published a memoir of the 2011 revolution, titled “Revolution 2.0: The Power of the People is Greater than the People in Power.”Reuters/Lucas Jackson